Mercedes-Benz

Mercedes-Benz - The Mercedes-Benz, Understated elegance, cutting-edge technology and high luxury have been defining features of premium German automaker Mercedes-Benz. However, the past two decades, the company has expanded into the areas of power and its corrupting models AMG performance and expressive styling... - http://www.topcarmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Mercedes-Benz-Car-Logo.png

Subaru

The Subaru is the car manufacturing division of Japanese transportation blend of Fuji Heavy Industries (FHI), the second two automaker by production worldwide in 2012. Known for STI Subaru use of the boxer engine layout in STI cars above 1500cc and STI as the use of awd drive-train layout since 1972. The flat / boxer engine and all-wheel drive became standard equipment for mid-size and small cars MOST international markets in 1996, and is now a standard in VERY North American market Subaru vehicles. The difference is the lone BRZ, Introduced in 2012, Which use the boxer engine but it is rear-wheel drive-. And gives the Subaru turbocharged versions of their passenger cars: as the Impreza WRX and 2.5GT Legacy. The trims 2.5XT of the Outback and Forester also include a turbocharged engine.

Fuji Heavy Industries, the parent company of Subaru, is a partial Currently Partnership with Toyota Motor Corporation, which is 16.5% of FHI. Subaru Japanese name for the Pleiades star cluster M45, or “The Seven Sisters”, and makes the logo and refers to the companies merged to create FHI.

Subaru History

Fuji Heavy Industries began as The Aircraft Research Laboratory in 1915, which was led by Chikuhei Nakajima. In 1932, the company Reorganized as Nakajima Aircraft Company, Ltd and quickly became the biggest maker of aircraft for Japan during World War II. At the end of the Second World War Nakajima Aircraft was again Reorganized This Time as Fuji Sangyo Co., Ltd. In 1946, the company created the Fuji Rabbit With scooter engine aircraft spare parts for the army. In 1950, Fuji Sangyo was divided into 12 small companies según 1950 Corporate Credit Act rearrangement, anti-zaibatsu law the Japanese Government. Between 1953 and 1955, four of these organizations and the corporation newly OF Fuji Kogyo, a scooter, coach-builders Fuji Jidosha, Omiya Fuji Kogyo engine manufacturers, chassis builders Utsunomiya Sharyo and the Tokyo Fuji Dangyo trading company the decision to come together to create Fuji Heavy Industries Known today.

Kenji Kita, CEO of Fuji Heavy Industries, was looking for a new company to be involved in, the car manufacturing and immediately began plans to build a car With The development code-name P-1. Mr. Kita canvassed the Company for suggestions Acerca injection P1, but no proposal was appealing enough. In the end I Gave The Japanese car that “the tender have been in Her Heart”: Subaru, Which is the name of the Pleiades star cluster in Japanese. The first Subaru car was named the Subaru 1500. Only two P1s owe because of the multiple supply issues. From 1954 to 2008 the company designed and manufactured Dozens of cars Including the 1500 (1954), the small air-cooled 360 (1958), the Sambar (1961), the 1000 (which saw the introduction of the Subaru boxer engine in 1965), the R -2 (1969), i-Rex and Leone (1971), the noh (1978), Subaru Alcyone (1985), the Subaru Legacy (1989), the Subaru Impreza (1993), the Forester (1997), the Subaru Tribeca (2005 ), the Subaru Exiga (2008), and the BRZ (2012).

Subaru Brands

Subaru Rally Team Japan led by Noriyuki Koseki ran Subaru Leone Coupe, sedan DL, Rx (SRV) and Rx Turbo in the Drivers World Championship Rally During 1980 and 1989 for single events included Ari Vatanen, Per Eklund, Vishal Mehta, Mike Kirkland, opossum Bourne and Harald Demut. Mike Kirkland finished 6 general won the A Group at the 1986 Safari Rally. Subaru only one year manufacturers combine combining 4WD and Turbo quattro Audi’s Successful had been Introduced in 1980, but Audi withdrew from the WRC after safety concerns and the risk of serious Ford season 1986. Subaru changed the rally model to Legacy RS for the period 1990 -1992 and took part in the first complete World Championship Rally With The same model in 1993.

Modified versions of the Impreza Wrx and Wrx Sti Have Competing successfully in the sign. Drivers Colin McRae (1995), Richard Burns (2001) and Petter Solberg (2003) Is Won World Championship Rally drivers ‘titles With The Subaru World Rally Team and Subaru took the manufacturers’ title three years in a row from 1995 to 1997 Subaru World’s Championship Rally cars are prepared and run by Prodrive, the Successful More British team. Several endurance records were in September in the early and mid-nineties by the Subaru Legacy.

Subaru was briefly involved Formula One racing circuit If it bought a controlling interest in the small Italian Colon team for season 1990. The Colon 3B’s 12-cylinder engine was badged as Subaru and shared the boxer layout With the company’s own engines, but the design is composed of strong Italian Motori Modern. The overweight and underpowered cars Were and cooperation broke down before the end of the season had finished. With the rise of rally racing and the scene Import in the US, the introduction of the most anticipated Subaru Impreza Wrx in 2001 succeeded in the business of high-performance compact awd cars equipped with a sports car. Subaru provides factory-backed team, Subaru Rally Team USA for Rally America and has won the driver’s title six times, most recently in 2011 with David Higgins. Grassroots Motorsports Subaru Awarded With The Editors’ Choice Award 2002.

On 16 December 2008, the Subaru announced that there would be no competition in the World Championships Rally. The decision was made Subaru’s parent company, Fuji Heavy Industries (FHI), in part because of the economic but also because it was seen Subaru STI achieved a sports marketing objectives To. Mr Kuo Mori denied that alterations to the Regulations WRC Technical in 2010 or breakdown in the working relationship rumors HAD Prodrive With any impact of the decision. I also know that The possibility of a car Subaru back to the top of the WRC stage in the future is not zero, but at this moment there is no thought to a comeback.

Since 2006, Subaru of America (SOA), as the official distributor Subaru vehicles in the United States involvement of the Subaru Road Racing Team (SRRT) with Subaru Legacy 2.5 GT Spec B in the class Grand-Am Street Tuner. In 2010, SRRT campaigns Subaru Impreza Wrx STI in the Grand Sport class. In 2011, SRRT switched from the hatchback to the 2011 Subaru Impreza Wrx STI sedan. On 4 May 2012, Subaru Rally Team USA Announced That a new rallycross, Subaru Puma Rallycross Team USA will participate in the 2012 Global RallyCross Championship season Dave Mirra, Bucky Lasek, and Sverre Isachsen.

Subaru Technology

From model year 2005, Subaru has established Controller-area network (CAN) bus technology for the USA and Canada markets. Starting in model year 2007, all Subaru vehicles use the CAN technology Often, two CAN buses used vehicles:. A high-speed CAN running at 500 kbit / s communication of powertrain, and low-speed CAN running at 125 kbit / s for body functions and control instrument panel. A unit (Sibiu) body-integrated is used between the two networks.

Subaru Environmental Record

Subaru says to Do Implemented policies which include recycling, reducing Emissions dangerous, and educate their employees. Their efforts have helped them In Their efforts evolution. The Subaru plant in Lafayette, Indiana (SIA) was the first auto assembly plant achieve zero landfill status, nothing in the manufacturing process goes to landfill. The company has developed a plan for the recycling “end-of-life” their cars. Most of their products a modern re-use things around the car, in the engine, transmission, suspension, and other places each vehicle leaving the Subaru and 97.3% recycling rate ratio for the end-of-life vehicles.

An excerpt from the website Subaru “In 2006, SIA was given a Gold Achievement Award the United States Environmental Protection Agency as you reach the top in WasteWise program UNHCR to reduce waste and improve growth.” The website also said, ‘And Became the first US automotive assembly plant to chose a natural and wild. ” Currently Subaru offers Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle (PZEV) certified Legacy, Outback, Impreza and Forester models What is available for sale anywhere in the US Subaru PZEV vehicles meet California’s Super Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle exhaust emission standard. All other models are certified Have LEV2.

Subaru Electric Cars

In June 2006, Fuji Heavy Industries, Inc. (FHI) The STI Subaru Stella Plug-in electric car What Kei car is equipped with a battery pack Lithium-ion. The vehicle has a short list of 56 miles (90 km) but costs more Whos the Mitsubishi iMiEV, at ¥4,38 million (US $44,860), including the Japanese Government treats the use of Taxes With an exemption of $ 2,240. And will be eligible for a discount Japanese government of up to $14,200, to bringing the price down to $30,660. Car like the i-Miev, with 47-kilowatt engine and a quick charge capability, but the two-door mini-car has a boxy shape. FHI plans to start delivery in late July and plans to sell 170 cars in March 2010.

In Japan, Subaru is currently testing two electric cars as Subaru and Subaru R1e G4e. The Subaru Hybrid Tourer Concept is a four-seat car Gull-wing doors with that includes 2-liter turbocharged direct-injection gasoline engine with transmission Continuously variable and two motors axle-mounted. A pack lithium-ion battery provides energy storage for the car.

Subaru

Volvo

The Volvo Car Corporation, or Volvo Personvagnar AB, a Swedish premium automobile manufacturer, the capital of the VAK in Gothenburg, and owned by Zhejiang Geely holding Group of China. Volvo Car Corporation was founded in 1927 in Gothenburg, Sweden, first as a subsidiary company to the ball maker SKF. When Volvo AB was introduced on the Swedish stock exchange in 1935, SKF sold most of the shares in the company. Volvo Cars was owned by AB Volvo until 1999, when it was acquired by the Ford Motor Company as part of its Government Farm Group. Geely holding Group and acquired Volvo Cars from Ford in 2010.

The Volvo Cars manufactures and markets sports utility vehicles, station wagons, sedans, compact executive sedans, and coupes. With 2,300 local dealers from around 100 national sales worldwide, Volvo Cars’ largest markets are the United States, Sweden, China and Belgium. In 2011, Volvo Cars of recorded global sales of 449,255 cars, an increase of 20.3% compared to 2010.

Volvo History

Volvo company was founded in 1927 in Gothenburg, Sweden, The company was founded as a subsidiary company 100% owned by SKF. Assar Gabrielsson was appointed the administrative director and Gustav Larson as the technical manager. “Cars are driven by people. The guiding principle behind everything we make at Volvo, therefore, is and must be safe”, Assar Gabrielsson and Gustav Larson 1927.

The first Volvo car left the assembly line April 14, 1927, and called Volvo medium 4. After this the company produced until the top and cabriolet, which were designed to hold strong in the Swedish climate and terrain. In the registration application for Volvo logotype in 1927, they simply make a copy of all radiator for ÖV4, viewed from the front.

In 1964, Volvo opened its Torslanda plant in Sweden, which currently is one of its largest production sites (chiefly large cars and SUVs). Then in 1965 in Ghent, Belgium plant was opened, which is the company’s second largest production site (chiefly small cars). In 1989 the Uddevalla plant in Sweden, which is now jointly operated by Volvo Car Corporation and Pininfarina of Italy.

In the early 1970s, Volvo acquired in passenger car division of the Dutch company Psalms, and marketed their small cars as Volvos before releasing the Dutch-built Volvo 340, which went on to be one of the biggest-selling cars in the UK market in the 1980s nineteen eighty-six marked a record year for Volvo in the US, with 113,267 cars sold. The appearance of Japanese luxury brands such as Acura and Lexus in subsequent years mean the loss of a significant market share for Volvo, one which they have not regained.

In 1999, Volvo Group decided to sell its automobile manufacturing business and concentrate on commercial vehicles. Ford found interest in buying a profitable prestige mid-size European automobile manufacturer, well renowned for its safety education, as an addition to its Government Farm Group. The buyout of Volvo Cars was announced on January 28, 1999, and in the following year the acquisition has been completed at a cost of $ 6.45 billion USD.

Volvo Current Models

Today, the company uses a system of letters denoting followed by the series number. “S” stands for “Sedan (car)”, “C” stands for “Ace” or “styling” (with three-door hatchback aka “shooting broke”) and “V” stands for “versatile ‘as the port bike. “XC” stands for “cross country” first added to a more rugged Volvo V70 model as V70XC and refer all wheel drive paired with a raised suspension to give you what an SUV. Volvo would later change the name to “XC70 “in keeping with its car naming consistent with the Volvo XC90. So a V50 is an estate (” V “) which is less than the Volvo V70.

At first, Volvo was planning a different naming scheme. S and C are to be the same, but “F”, standing for “flexibility”, is to be spent on station wagons. When Volvo introduced the first generation S40 and V40 in 1995, they were announced as the S4 and F4. However, Audi complained that it had inherent rights and S4 name, since it names its sporty “S”, and the yet to be a sports version of the Audi A4 will include the name S4. Volvo to a second day, and the board of the S40 and F40. However, it led to a complaint from Ferrari, which is used in the Ferrari F40 name on their legendary sports car. This led to Volvo changed the “F” to “V”, for versatile.

Volvo Car Safety

Volvo cars have long been marketed and stressed their historic reputation for solidity and reliability. Prior to strong government safety regulations Volvo in front of electrical safety. In 1944, laminated glass in the PV model. In 1958, Volvo engineer Nils Bohlin invented and patented the modern three-point safety belt, which is standard on all Volvo cars in 1959, and to do this patent design knowledge in the interest of safety and make it available to other car manufacturers for free. Additionally, Volvo developed the first rear-facing child seat in 1964 and made its own booster seat in 1978.

The 960 was the first three-point seat belt for the middle of the rear seat and a child safety cushion in the middle armrest. Also in 1991 he made the side impact protection System (sips) on the 940/960 and 850 models, which channels the force of impact of a side away from the door and into the protection of birds.

To add to its sips, in 1995 Volvo was the first to introduce side airbags and installed them as standard equipment in all models from 1996. At the beginning of the 1995 model year, side impact protection airbags standard trim on high-level Volvo 850s, and options on other 850s. By the middle of the production year, and is standard on all 850s. The 1996 model year, SIP airbags became standard on all Volvo models.

According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), Volvo’s S80 was one of the 2009 Top Safety picks Award winners. The previous versions of the S40 and S60 models (2005-09 models with standard side airbags) failed to attain their highest rating in the side impact test. However, according to the IIHS, in recent years Volvo cars have still managed to maintain their high class safety ratings as seen in the test results. The Volvo XC90, S80, C70, XC60, S60 and C30 are all rated Top Safety picks in these crash tests. The 2014 models of the XC60, XC90, S60 and S80 have even won the Top Safety + rating.
Volvo has also scored high in the EuroNCAP tests. Since 2009, all Volvo models EuroNCAP tested received five-star safety ratings: Volvo C30, V40, V60, V60 plug-in hybrid, XC60 and V70. The Volvo V40 (model year 2013) is the best test results of any model car ever tested in EuroNCAP.

Volvo

Buick

Buick, Buick Motor Division formally, is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors (GM). For most of its existence in the North American market, Buick was marketed as a premium car brand, sales of luxury vehicles entry level positioned on its mainstream Chevrolet GM stablemate, and under the flagship Cadillac division . Buick holds the distinction of being the oldest active American automobile marque, and the Buick Motor Company was the original foundation of the establishment of General Motors in 1908 before the establishment of General Motors, GM founder William C . Durant previously served as general manager of Buick, Chevrolet Louis while his friend worked as a racing driver for Buick and later learned car design work there. 1939 Buick also pioneered the use of turn signals, which do not appear on other brands of cars until almost ten years later.

Since the cessation of Saturn in 2009, GM has positioned Buick to be analogous to its German Opel brand, sharing models and development. Buick brand vehicles are sold in the United States, Mexico, Canada and China. Buick sold 1,032,331 vehicles worldwide in year 2013, a record for the brand.

Buick is currently the oldest active North American automotive make, and among oldest automobile brands in the world. It originated as the Auto-Vim and Power Company in 1899 Buick engine, internal combustion engine and an independent car manufacturer and was incorporated later as the Buick Motor Company on May 19, 1903, by Scottish born David Dunbar Buick in Detroit , Michigan. Later that year, the company was taken over by James H. Whiting), who moved to his hometown of Flint, Michigan, and its brought in William C. Durant in 1904 to manage his acquisition. He teamed with RS McLaughlin in Canada in 1907 with a 15 year contract for 1908 GM motors Holding founded.VMC virtualmuseum.ca McLaughlin-Buick: “Canada Standard Car” Buick sold his stock for a small sum upon departure , and died in modest circumstances 25 years later.

Between 1899 and 1902, two prototype vehicles were built in Detroit, Michigan by Walter Lorenzo Marr. There is some documentation of the 1901 or 1902 prototype with tiller steering similar to the Oldsmobile Curved Dash. In 1904, another prototype was constructed for endurance run, which convinced James H. Whiting to authorize production of the first models offered to the public. The architecture of this prototype was basis for the Model B.

The first Buick made ​​for sale, the 1904 Model B, was built in Flint, Michigan. There were 37 Buicks made ​​that year, none of them survived. There are, however, two existing replicas: the 1904 endurance car, at Buick Gallery & Research Center in Flint, and Model B assembled by an enthusiast in California for the 100th anniversary division. These two vehicles use various parts from Buicks of that early era, as well as the fabricated parts. These vehicles were constructed with the two known surviving 1904 engines. Buick were first built to replicate living room in a moving automobile, and were nicknamed the “moving couch of America”.

The train and chassis architecture introduced on the Model B was continued through the 1909 Model F. The early success of the Buick is attributed in part to the valve in the head, or overhead valve (OHV) engine patented by Eugene Richard and developed by David Dunbar Buick. The Model F had a two cylinder engine running, the 87-inch wheelbase and weighed 1800 pounds creation of General Motors is attributed in part to the success of Buick, it can be said Marr and Richard designs directly led to GM.

The basic design of the 1904 Buick had aligned engineered even by today’s standards. The flat twin engine inherently balanced, with torque presented to chassis in a longitudinal, actually canceling lift the front end, rather than producing undesirable lateral motion. The engine was mounted amidships, considered the optimal location.

Durant was a natural promoter, and Buick soon became the largest car maker in America. Using profits from this, Durant embarked on a series of corporate acquisitions, calling the new General Motors mega-corporations. At first, the manufacturers comprising General Motors competed against each other, but Durant ended that. Each General Motors division to target one class of buyer, and in scheme, Buick was near the top – only the Cadillac brand had more prestige. Buick occupies position to this day in the General Motors lineup. The Buick customer is comfortably well off, possibly not the quite rich enough to afford a Cadillac, nor desiring ostentation of one, but the definitely in the market for car above the norm. Buick followed the likes of Napier in automobile racing, winning first ever race held at Indianapolis Motor Speedway.

In 1911, Buick introduced the first closed car body which, four years before Ford. In 1929, as part of General Motors program friends “do, Buick Motor Division launched the Marquette sister brand, designed to bridge price gap between Buick and Oldsmobile, however, Marquette was founded in 1930 Buick debuted two achievements key to the model year 1931, the Buick Straight-8 OHV engine and synchromesh transmission in all models but the Series 50 was offered eight three displacements, 220 cubic inches, was available in Series 50 of 77 brake HP. The Series 60 engine was a 272 cu. within. brake unit delivers 90 HP. The Series 80 and Series 90 used 344 cu. within. versions to 104 brake HP. Automatic vacuum-operated spark progression was another new feature to replace the spark steering lever mounted emergency lever though Dash was now assembled. Buick scored another first in 1939, when it became first company to introduce turn signals. all 1939 models also had a column shift lever steering mounted.

In 1930s Buicks were popular with the British royal family, particularly Edward VIII. Is imported and used Canadian built McLaughlin-Buick brand was top GMs in Canada, Cadillac not caught on there. George VI used one royal coast to coast tour of Canada in 1939.

 

 

 

Buick

Bentley

Bentley Motors Limited is a British luxury automaker and complete technical management of the German Volkswagen AG. This principal activity is the design, engineering, production and distribution of luxury cars sold under the Bentley marque. Based in Crew, England, Bentley Motors Limited was founded by Wo Bentley on 18 January 1919 in Cricklewood near London and was acquired by Rolls-Royce in 1931.  Bentley Motors Limited is the successor of the Rolls-Royce Motors, which Volkswagen AG purchased in 1998 The purchase included the design of the car, model nameplates, production and administrative institutions, the Spirit of Ecstasy and Rolls-Royce grill Trade shape, but not the use of the Rolls-Royce or logo , which is owned by Rolls-Royce Holdings plc and later licensed to BMW AG.

Bentley cars are sold worldwide through franchised dealers, and as of November 2012, China was the largest market for Bentley cars. Most of Bentley cars are assembled at the company‘s plant in Crew, with a small number of Continental Flying spurs gathered at the Factory Transparent in Dresden, Germany. Car bodies for the Continental model line produced in Zwickau, Germany. Bentley cars are largely hand-built. Bentley cars won the Hours of Le Mans 24 in 1924, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930 and 2003 The current production Bentley models are Spur Continental Flying, Continental GT and Mulsanne. Former Bentley notable production models include the Bentley 4½ liter Bentley Speed ​​Six, Bentley Turbo R Bentley Arnage.

Woolf Barnato acquired his first Bentley in 1925, just 12 months before he also acquired the business itself. This car he won numerous Brooklands races. He was a member of a set of social of wealthy British motorists known as the “Boys Bentley” who favored the cars of Wo Bentley. Were independently wealthy, often in the background of military service. Barnato was nicknamed “Babe”, in ironic respect to his stature boxer‘s boxing.

Bentley’s business was underfunded, but inspired by the 1924 Le Mans win by John Duff and Frank Clement, Barnato agreed to finance Bentley‘s business. Barnato was incorporated in romans Ltd in 1922, which was present as his Finance and investment vehicle. Via romans, Barnato initially invested in excess of £ 100,000, saving the business and its employees. A financial Bentley is the first company and all existing creditors paid off for £ 75,000. Existing shares were devalued from £ 1 each to just 1 shilling, or 5% of their original value. Barnato held 149,500 of new shares giving him control of the company and became chairman. Barnato injected cash in the business: 35,000 £ secured debenture in July 1927, £ 40,000 in 1928, £ 25,000 in 1929 with renewed financial input, Wo Bentley was able to design another generation of cars.

In 2002, Bentley presented Queen Elizabeth II with the State Limousine to celebrate her Jubilee Golden. In 2003, two-door convertible Bentley, the Bentley Azure, ceased production, and Bentley introduced a second line, Bentley Continental GT, a coupe luxury, powered by w12 engine built in the crew. Demand had been so great that the factory at Crew is unable to meet orders despite the positions listed about 9,500 cars a year; were on the waiting list of over a year in new cars to be delivered. As a result, the production of the new Flying Spur, a four door version of the Continental GT, was assigned to the Factory Transparent (Germany), where the Volkswagen Phaeton luxury car with the gathered. This arrangement ceased at the end of 2006 after around 1,000 cars, and all the car returned to the plant production crew.

In April 2005, Bentley confirmed plans to produce a four-seat convertible model-the Azure, located in the Arnage Drophead Coupe prototype-at Crew beginning in 2006 By the fall of 2005, the convertible version of the successful Continental GT, the Continental GTC, presented. These models were successfully launched in late 2006 Running a limited GT Zagato modified announced in March 2008, called “GTZ”. The new version of Bentley Continental was introduced at the 2009 Geneva Auto Show: The Supersports Continental. This new Bentley is a Supercar includes Pow extreme  The GT3 Bentley Continental entered into by the M-Sport factory team won round Ulverstone of the 2014 Blancpain Endurance Series.

Bentley